Migration and distribution characteristics of typical organic pollutants in condensable particulate matter of coal-fired flue gas and by-products of wet flue gas desulfurization system.

The wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system of coal-fired power plants shows a good removal effect on condensable particulate matter (CPM), reducing the dust removal pressure for the downstream flue gas purification devices. In this work, the removal effect of a WFGD system on CPM and its organic pollutants from a coal-fired power plant was studied. By analyzing the organic components of the by-products emitted from the desulfurization tower, the migration characteristics of organic pollutants in gas, liquid, and solid phases, as well as the impact of desulfurization towers on organic pollutants in CPM, were discussed. Results show that more CPM in the flue gas was generated by coal-fired units at ultra-low load, and the WFGD system had a removal efficiency nearly 8% higher than that at full load. The WFGD system had significant removal effect on two typical esters, especially phthalate esters (PAEs), with the highest removal efficiency of 49.56%. In addition, the WFGD system was better at removing these two esters when the unit was operating at full load. However, it had a negative effect on n-alkanes, which increased the concentration of n-alkanes by 8.91 to 19.72%. Furthermore, it is concluded that the concentration distribution of the same type of organic pollutants in desulfurization wastewater was similar to that in desulfurization slurry, but quite different from that in coal-fired flue gas. The exchange of three organic pollutants between flue gas and desulfurization slurry was not significant, while the concentration distribution of organic matters in gypsum was affected by coal-fired flue gas.

Seed viability and fatty acid profiles of five orchid species before and after ageing.

Changes in seed lipid composition during ageing are associated with seed viability loss in many plant species. However, due to their small seed size, this has not been previously explored in orchids. We characterized and compared the seed viability and fatty acid profiles of five orchid species before and after ageing: one tropical epiphytic orchid from Indonesia (Dendrobium strebloceras), and four temperate species from New Zealand, D. cunninghamii (epiphytic), and Gastrodia cunninghamii, Pterostylis banksii and Thelymitra nervosa (terrestrial). Seeds were aged under controlled laboratory conditions (3-month storage at 60% RH and 20 °C). Seed viability was tested before and after ageing using tetrazolium chloride staining. Fatty acid methyl esters from fresh and aged seeds were extracted through trans-esterification, and then analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All species had high initial viability (>80%) and experienced significant viability loss after ageing. The saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and total fatty acid content decreased with ageing in all species, but this reduction was only significant for D. strebloceras, D. cunninghamii and G. cunninghamii. Our results suggest that fatty acid degradation is a typical response to ageing in orchids, albeit with species variation in magnitude, but the link between fatty acid degradation and viability was not elucidated. Pterostylis banksii exemplified this variation; it showed marked viability loss despite not having a significant reduction in its fatty acid content after ageing. More research is required to identify the effect of ageing on fatty acid composition in orchids, and its contribution to seed viability loss.

One-Pot Extractive Transesterification of Fatty Acids Followed by DMOX Derivatization for Location of Double Bonds Using GC-EI-MS.

Fatty acids are an essential structural and energy storage component of cells and hence there is much interest in their metabolism, requiring identification and quantification with readily available instrumentation, such as GC-MS. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) can be generated and extracted directly from biological tissue, in a one-pot process, and following high resolution GC, their respective chain length, degrees of unsaturation, and other functionalities can be readily identified using EI-MS. Defining the positions of the double bonds in the alkyl chain requires conversion of the FAMEs into their respective dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives. Following EI, this derivative allows charge retention on the heterocycle, and concomitant charge remote fragmentation of the alkyl chain to yield key double bond position identifying ions. The protocols described herein have been applied to the identification and quantification of fatty acids harvested from microalgae grown to produce biofuels and to the screening of salt tolerant Arabidopsis mutants.

Differential Production of Phenolics, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins in Stressed and Unstressed Aquatic Plants, Azolla filiculoides and Azolla pinnata.

The metabolic plasticity of shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways redirects carbon flow to different sink products in order to protect sessile plants from environmental stresses. This study assessed the biochemical responses of two Azolla species, A. filiculoides and A. pinnata, to the combined effects of environmental and nutritional stresses experienced while growing outdoors under Australian summer conditions. These stresses triggered a more than 2-fold increase in the production of total phenols and their representatives, anthocyanins (up to 18-fold), flavonoids (up to 4.7-fold), and condensed tannins (up to 2.7-fold), which led to intense red coloration of the leaves. These changes were also associated with an increase in the concentration of carbohydrates and a decrease in concentrations of lipids and total proteins. Changes in lipid biosynthesis did not cause significant changes in concentrations of palmitoleic acid (C16:0), linolenic acid (C18:3), and linoleic acid (C18:2), the fatty acid signatures of Azolla species. However, a reduction in protein production triggered changes in biosynthesis of alanine, arginine, leucine, tyrosine, threonine, valine, and methionine amino acids. Stress-triggered changes in key nutritional components, phenolics, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates could have a significant impact on the nutritional value of both Azolla species, which are widely used as a sustainable food supplement for livestock, poultry, and fish industries.

Design and Evaluation of a Gas Chromatograph-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface for an Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer.

Various separation and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques have furthered our ability to study complex mixtures, and the desire to measure every analyte in a system is of continual interest. For many complex mixtures, such as the total molecular content of a cell, it is becoming apparent that no one single separation technique or analysis is likely to achieve this goal. Therefore, having a variety of tools to measure the complexity of these mixtures is prudent. Orbitrap MSs are broadly used in systems biology studies due to their unique performance characteristics. However, GC-Orbitraps have only recently become available, and instruments that can use gas chromatography (GC) cannot use liquid chromatography (LC) and vice versa. This limits small molecule analyses, such as those that would be employed for metabolomics, lipidomics, or toxicological studies. Thus, a simple, temporary interface was designed for a GC and Thermo Scientific™ Ion Max housing unit. This interface enables either GC or LC separation to be used on the same MS, an Exactive™ Plus Orbitrap, and utilizes an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The GC-APCI interface was tested against a commercially available atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) interface for three types of analytes that span the breadth of typical GC analyses: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and saturated hydrocarbons. The GC-APCI-Orbitrap had similar or improved performance to the APPI and other reported methods in that it had a lower limit of quantitation, better signal to noise, and lower tendency to fragment analytes.

Sequential cultivation of microalgae in raw and recycled dairy wastewater: Microalgal growth, wastewater treatment and biochemical composition.

In this study, two cycles of mixotrophic and one cycle of heterotrophic cultivation of Scenedesmus quadricauda (freshwater) and Tetraselmis suecica (marine water) microalgae in dairy wastewater (DWW) were investigated. Dry weights of S. quadricauda and T. suecica were found to be 0.43 and 0.58 g/L after the first cycle and 0.36, and 0.65 g/L after the second cycle of mixotrophic cultivation, respectively. Chlorophyll a content of both microalgae in the first cycle was significantly higher than the second cycle. S. quadricauda removed 92.15% of total nitrogen, 100% of phosphate, 100% of sulfate and 76.77% of total organic carbon, after two cycles of cultivation. The dominant fatty acids during the first and second cycle of S. quadricauda and T. suecica cultivation were C18:1 and C18:3n-3, respectively. The results suggest that by reusing DWW in two consecutive cycles of microalgal cultivation, higher pollutants removal efficiency and microalgal biomass production can be achieved.

Investigation of mycobacteria fatty acid profile using different ionization energies in GC-MS.

Gas chromatography (GC) coupled with electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a well-established technique for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The main advantage is the highly repeatable fragmentation of the compounds into the ion source, generating intense and diagnostic fragmentation when the ionization is performed at 70 eV; this is considered the standard ionization condition and has been used for creating many established databases, which are of great support in the analyte identification process. However, such an intense fragmentation often causes the loss of the molecular ion or more diagnostic ions, which can be detrimental for the identification of homologous series or isomers, as for instance fatty acids. To obtain this information chemical or soft ionization can be used, but dedicated ion sources and conditions are required. In this work, we explored different ionization voltages in GC-EI-MS to preserve the intensity of the molecular ion using a conventional quadrupole MS. Twenty, 30, 50, and 70 eV were tested using a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters standards. Intensity and repeatability of the most informative ions were compared. Twenty and 70 eV were then used to analyze the fatty acid composition of six different strains of mycobacteria. Two approaches were used for elaborating the data: (1) a single average spectrum of the entire chromatogram was derived, which can be considered (in terms of concept) as a direct EI-MS analysis; (2) the actual chromatographic separation of the compounds was considered after automatic alignment. The results obtained are discussed herein. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Novel Bacillus cereus strain from electrokinetically remediated saline soil towards the remediation of crude oil.

A new strain SWH-15 was successfully isolated after initial electrokinetic remediation experiment using the same saline soil sampled from Shengli Oilfield, China. Four methods (morphological and biochemical characteristics, whole-cell fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) analysis, 16S rRNA sequence analysis and DNA G + C content and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis) were used to identify the taxonomic status of SWH-15 and confirmed that SWH-15 was a novel species of the Bacillus (B.) cereus group. Then, we assessed the degrading ability of the novel strain SWH-15 to crude oil through a microcosm experiment with four treatments, including control (CK), bioremediation using SWH-15 (Bio), electrokinetic remediation (EK), and combined bioremediation and electrokinetic remediation (Bio + EK). The results showed that the Bio + EK combined remediation treatment was more effective than the CK, Bio, and EK treatments in degrading crude oil contaminants. Bioaugmentation, by addition of the strain SWH-15 had synergistic effect with EK in Bio + EK treatment. Bacterial community analysis showed that electrokinetic remediation alone significantly altered the bacterial community of the saline soil. The addition of the strain SWH-15 alone had a weak effect on the bacterial community. However, the strain SWH-15 boosted the growth of other bacterial species in the metabolic network and weakened the impact of electrical field on the whole bacterial community structure in the Bio + EK treatment.

Ensayo de migración global en empaques para alimentos: evaluación de patrones internos alternativos / Overall migration test in food packaging: Evaluation of alternative internal standards / Ensaio de migração global em embalagens de alimentos: avaliação de padrões internos alternativos

Resumen En el ensayo de migración global para empaques plásticos destinados a alimentos grasos se emplea triheptadecanoato de glicerilo (GTM) como patrón interno para la cuantificación de los ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos (FAMEs) por cromatografía de gases. En este trabajo se evaluaron 3-fenil propanoato de etilo (EFP) y ácido tetradecanóico (AM) como patrones internos alternativos. El uso de AM presentó comportamiento lineal (r > 0,99 y %Sb < 5%), buena precisión intermedia (HORRATr % 0,9) y exactitud (%R % 100,6%). En contraste, la evaluación del EFP, demostró que este no es un patrón interno adecuado para la cuantificación de FAMEs. De otra parte, se evaluó estadísticamente que no hay diferencias significativas en el cálculo de la migración global a partir de FAMEs cuantificados usando como patrón interno GTM o AM, mientras que el uso de EFP sí presenta diferencias significativas.

Abstract In the global migration test for plastic packaging intended for fatty foods, glyceryl triheptadecanoate (GTM) is used as the internal standard for the quantification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by gas chromatography. In this work, ethyl 3-phenyl propanoate (EFP) and tetradecanoic acid (AM) were evaluated as alternative internal standards The use of AM presented linear behavior (r > 0.99 and %Sb < 5%), good intermediate precision (HORRATr % 0.9), and accuracy (%R % 100.6%). In contrast, the evaluation of EFP demonstrated that this is not an adequate internal standard for the quantification of FAMEs In addition, it was statistically evaluated that there are no significant differences in the calculation of the global migration from FAMEs quantified using either GTM or AM as internal standards, but the use of EFP presents significant differences.

Resumo No ensaio de migração global para embalagens plásticas destinadas aos alimentos gordurosos, é usado o triheptadecanoato de glicerina (GTM) como padrão interno para a quantificação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos gordos (FAMEs) mediante cromatografia em fase gasosa. Neste papel foram avaliados 3-fenil propanoato de etilo (EFP) e ácido tetradecanóico (AM) como padrões internos alternativos O (AM) apresentou comportamento linear (r > 0,99 e %Sb < 5%), boa precisão intermédia (HORRATr % 0,9) e precisão (%R % 100,6%). Em contraste, a avaliação do (EFP), mostrou que este não é um padrão interno adequado para a quantificação de FAMEs Por outro lado, uma avaliação estatística indicou que não há diferenças significativas no cálculo da migração global de FAMEs quantificadas utilizando como padrão interno GTM ou AM, em contrapartida o uso do EFP apresenta diferenças significativas.

Biofuel production and phycoremediation by Chlorella sp. ISTLA1 isolated from landfill site.

The present study aims to investigate the biofuel production ability and potential of heavy metal remediation of Chlorella sp. ISTLA1 isolated from a landfill site. The strain was cultured in Bold's Basal medium at different concentration of NaHCO3 and pH. Response surface methodology was employed for the optimization of nutrient sources for higher lipid production. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of lipid and biomass was 365.42 and 833.14 mg L-1 respectively. GC-MS analysis of lipid indicated the presence of C8 to C31 organic compounds consisting mainly of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1). Additionally, remediation of heavy metals like Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe from waste water was observed by AAS and EDX. The removal efficiency was 82.6% for Zn, 56.5% for Cu, 79.8% for Mn and 40% for Fe. The study revealed simultaneous biodiesel production and waste water treatment by Chlorella sp. ISTLA1.

Rapid biodiesel synthesis from waste pepper seeds without lipid isolation step.

In situ transformation of lipid in waste pepper seeds into biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters: FAMEs) via thermally-induced transmethylation on silica was mainly investigated in this study. This study reported that waste pepper seeds contained 26.9wt% of lipid and that 94.1% of the total lipid in waste pepper seeds could be converted into biodiesel without lipid extraction step for only ∼1min reaction time. This study also suggested that the optimal temperature for in situ transmethylation was identified as 390°C. Moreover, comparison of in situ process via the conventional transmethylation catalyzed by H2SO4 showed that the introduced biodiesel conversion in this study had a higher tolerance against impurities, thereby being technically feasible. The in situ biodiesel production from other oil-bearing food wastes can be studied.

Quantitation of Monophosphorylated Lipid A in the Oil-in-Water Adjuvant Delivery Systems Using Transesterification and GC-MS.

Vaccine delivery systems play pivotal role in effective antigen delivery. These systems often contain adjuvants that stimulate specific immune response and are important for vaccines' efficacy and safety. Oil-in-water vaccine delivery lipid emulsion systems containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as immune modulator have been extensively investigated in vaccine trials. Herein, we describe a simple orthogonal method, for quantitative measurement of MPLA in an oil-in-water lipid delivery system using direct transesterification reaction followed by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In this protocol, the transesterification reaction results in the release of fatty acid methyl esters followed by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry-based targeted quantification of the specific 3-hydroxytetradecanoate fatty acid methyl ester to measure the concentration of MPLA in an oil-in-water lipid emulsion system.

Synthesis of High-Quality Biodiesel Using Feedstock and Catalyst Derived from Fish Wastes.

A low-cost and high-purity calcium oxide (CaO) was prepared from waste crab shells, which were extracted from the dead crabs, was used as an efficient solid base catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel. Raw fish oil was extracted from waste parts of fish through mechanical expeller followed by solvent extraction. Physical as well as chemical properties of raw fish oil were studied, and its free fatty acid composition was analyzed with GC-MS. Stable and high-purity CaO was obtained when the material was calcined at 800 °C for 4 h. Prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, and TGA/DTA. The surface structure of the catalyst was analyzed with SEM, and elemental composition was determined by EDX spectra. Esterification followed by transesterification reactions were conducted for the synthesis of biodiesel. The effect of cosolvent on biodiesel yield was studied in each experiment using different solvents such as toluene, diethyl ether, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone. High-quality and pure biodiesel was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR. Biodiesel yield was affected by parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio (methanol:oil), and catalyst loading. Properties of synthesized biodiesel such as density, kinematic viscosity, and cloud point were determined according to ASTM standards. Reusability of prepared CaO catalyst was checked, and the catalyst was found to be stable up to five runs without significant loss of catalytic activity.

The effect of lead exposure on fatty acid composition in mouse brain analyzed using pseudo-catalytic derivatization.

We performed toxicological study of mice exposed to lead by quantifying fatty acids in brain of the mice. This study suggests that the introduced analytical method had an extremely high tolerance against impurities such as water and extractives; thus, it led to the enhanced resolution in visualizing the spectrum of fatty acid profiles in animal brain. Furthermore, one of the biggest technical advantages achieved in this study was the quantitation of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of mouse brain using a trace amount of sample (e.g., 100 µL mixture). Methanol was screened as the most effective extraction solvent for mouse brain. The behavioral test of the mice before and after lead exposure was conducted to see the effect of lead exposure on fatty acid composition of the mice' brain. The lead exposure led to changes in disease-related behavior of the mice. Also, the lead exposure induced significant alterations of fatty acid profile (C16:0, C 18:0, and C 18:1) in brain of the mice, implicated in pathology of psychiatric diseases. The alteration of fatty acid profile of brain of the mice suggests that the derivatizing technique can be applicable to most research fields associated with the environmental neurotoxins with better resolution in a short time, as compared to the current protocols for lipid analysis.

Theoretical and Kinetic Tools for Selecting Effective Antioxidants: Application to the Protection of Omega-3 Oils with Natural and Synthetic Phenols.

Radical-scavenging antioxidants play crucial roles in the protection of unsaturated oils against autoxidation and, especially, edible oils rich in omega-3 because of their high sensitivity to oxygen. Two complementary tools are employed to select, among a large set of natural and synthetic phenols, the most promising antioxidants. On the one hand, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of 70 natural (i.e., tocopherols, hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, and coumarins) and synthetic (i.e., 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol (BHA), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)) phenols. These BDEs are discussed on the basis of structure-activity relationships with regard to their potential antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the kinetic rate constants and number of hydrogen atoms released per phenol molecule are measured by monitoring the reaction of phenols with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)) radical. The comparison of the results obtained with these two complementary methods allows highlighting the most promising antioxidants. Finally, the antioxidant effectiveness of the best candidates is assessed by following the absorption of oxygen by methyl esters of linseed oil containing 0.5 mmol L(-1) of antioxidant and warmed at 90 °C under oxygen atmosphere. Under these conditions, some natural phenols namely epigallocatechin gallate, myricetin, rosmarinic and carnosic acids were found to be more effective antioxidants than α-tocopherol.

Biodiesel production from municipal secondary sludge.

In the present study, feasibility of biodiesel production from freeze dried sewage sludge was studied and its yield was enhanced by optimization of the in situ transesterification conditions (temperature, catalyst and concentration of sludge solids). Optimized conditions (45°C, 5% catalyst and 0.16g/mL sludge solids) resulted in a 20.76±0.04% biodiesel yield. The purity of biodiesel was ascertained by GC-MS, FT-IR and NMR ((1)H and (13)C) spectroscopy. The biodiesel profile obtained revealed the predominance of methyl esters of fatty acids such as oleic, palmitic, myristic, stearic, lauric, palmitoleic and linoleic acids indicating potential use of sludge as a biodiesel feedstock.

Phosphorus removal coupled to bioenergy production by three cyanobacterial isolates in a biofilm dynamic growth system.

In the present study a closed incubator, designed for biofilm growth on artificial substrata, was used to grow three isolates of biofilm-forming heterocytous cyanobacteria using an artificial wastewater secondary effluent as the culture medium. We evaluated biofilm efficiency in removing phosphorus, by simulating biofilm-based tertiary wastewater treatment and coupled this process with biodiesel production from the developed biomass. The three strains were able to grow in the synthetic medium and remove phosphorus in percentages, between 6 and 43%, which varied between strains and also among each strain according to the biofilm growth phase. Calothrix sp. biofilm turned out to be a good candidate for tertiary treatment, showing phosphorus reducing capacity (during the exponential biofilm growth) at the regulatory level for the treated effluent water being discharged into natural water systems. Besides phosphorus removal, the three cyanobacterial biofilms produced high quality lipids, whose profile showed promising chemical stability and combustion behavior. Further integration of the proposed processes could include the integration of oil extracted from these cyanobacterial biofilms with microalgal oil known for high monounsaturated fatty acids content, in order to enhance biodiesel cold flow characteristics.

Extraction of fleshing oil from waste limed fleshings and biodiesel production.

The aim of the study was focused on extraction of fleshing oil from limed fleshings with different neutralization process by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) followed by solvent extraction. The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from limed fleshing oil by two stage process has also been investigated. The central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of process variables viz., amount of flesh, particle size and time of fleshing oil extraction. The maximum yield of fleshing oil from limed fleshings post neutralization by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) was 26.32g and 12.43g obtained at 200g of flesh, with a particle size of 3.90mm in the time period of 2h. Gas chromatography analysis reveals that the biodiesel (FAME) obtained from limed fleshings is rich in oleic and palmitic acids with weight percentages 46.6 and 32.2 respectively. The resulting biodiesel was characterized for its physio-chemical properties of diesel as per international standards (EN14214).

Production of biodiesel from carbon sources of macroalgae, Laminaria japonica.

As aquatic biomass which is called "the third generation biomass", Laminaria japonica (also known as Saccharina japonica) consists of mannitol and alginate which are the main polysaccharides of algal carbohydrates. In this study, oleaginous yeast (Cryptococcus curvatus) was used to produce lipid from carbon sources derived from Laminaria japonica. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were produced by fermentation of alginate extracted from L. japonica. Thereafter, mannitol was mixed with VFAs to culture the oleaginous yeast. The highest lipid content was 48.30%. The composition of the fatty acids was similar to vegetable oils. This is the first confirmation of the feasibility of using macroalgae as a carbon source for biodiesel production.

Effects of hypercholesterolemic diet enriched with onion as functional ingredient on fatty acid metabolism in Wistar rats.

The complex biochemical composition of onions has been studied as a source of biological components with health-related properties. The evolution of hypercholesterolemia is associated with a large range of alterations considered as strong risk factors for many cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of onion as functional ingredient on plasma, erythrocyte, liver and adipose tissue fatty acid composition in hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. Rats (n=24) were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), high-cholesterol (HC), and high-cholesterol enriched with onion (HCO) groups. At the end of 7weeks, animals were anesthetized and euthanized by extracting blood by cardiac puncture. Plasma, erythrocytes, liver and adipose tissue were collected and immediately stored at -80°C. Fatty acid methyl esters were identified and quantified by GC/MS. Total fatty acid concentration decreased in liver and adipose tissue both in HC and HCO groups. SFA content was significantly higher in plasma, erythrocytes and liver in the C group compared to HC and HCO groups. In contrast, SFAs increased in adipose tissue both in HC and HCO groups compared to the C group. A significant increase in MUFA content in plasma was found in HC and HCO groups compared to the C group; in erythrocytes and liver the increase was lower. In plasma, PUFA content was significantly lower in HC and HCO groups compared to the C group. Interestingly, in liver and adipose tissue, PUFAs increased in HC and HCO groups compared to the C group. Results showed noticeable effects on individual fatty acid composition when assaying high-cholesterol diets in rats, in some cases enhanced by onion enrichment. Further research is needed to deeper understand the involved mechanisms and pathways.